Reference¶
Client¶
-
class
barbicanclient.client.
Client
(session=None, *args, **kwargs)¶ Barbican client object used to interact with barbican service.
Parameters: - session – An instance of keystoneclient.session.Session that can be either authenticated, or not authenticated. When using a non-authenticated Session, you must provide some additional parameters. When no session is provided it will default to a non-authenticated Session.
- endpoint – Barbican endpoint url. Required when a session is not given, or when using a non-authenticated session. When using an authenticated session, the client will attempt to get an endpoint from the session.
- project_id – The project ID used for context in Barbican. Required when a session is not given, or when using a non-authenticated session. When using an authenticated session, the project ID will be provided by the authentication mechanism.
- verify – When a session is not given, the client will create a non-authenticated session. This parameter is passed to the session that is created. If set to False, it allows barbicanclient to perform “insecure” TLS (https) requests. The server’s certificate will not be verified against any certificate authorities. WARNING: This option should be used with caution.
- service_type – Used as an endpoint filter when using an authenticated keystone session. Defaults to ‘key-management’.
- service_name – Used as an endpoint filter when using an authenticated keystone session.
- interface – Used as an endpoint filter when using an authenticated keystone session. Defaults to ‘public’.
- region_name – Used as an endpoint filter when using an authenticated keystone session.
Secrets¶
-
class
barbicanclient.secrets.
SecretManager
(api)¶ Entity Manager for Secret entities
-
create
(name=None, payload=None, payload_content_type=None, payload_content_encoding=None, algorithm=None, bit_length=None, secret_type=None, mode=None, expiration=None)¶ Factory method for creating new Secret objects
Secrets returned by this method have not yet been stored in the Barbican service.
Parameters: - name – A friendly name for the Secret
- payload – The unencrypted secret data
- payload_content_type – DEPRECATED: The format/type of the secret data. Setting this can lead to unexpected results. See Launchpad Bug #1419166.
- payload_content_encoding – DEPRECATED: The encoding of the secret data. Setting this can lead to unexpected results. See Launchpad Bug #1419166.
- algorithm – The algorithm associated with this secret key
- bit_length – The bit length of this secret key
- mode – The algorithm mode used with this secret key
- secret_type – The secret type for this secret key
- expiration – The expiration time of the secret in ISO 8601 format
Returns: A new Secret object
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
delete
(secret_ref)¶ Delete a Secret from Barbican
Parameters: secret_ref – The href for the secret to be deleted
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
get
(secret_ref, payload_content_type=None)¶ Retrieve an existing Secret from Barbican
Parameters: - secret_ref (str) – Full HATEOAS reference to a Secret
- payload_content_type (str) – DEPRECATED: Content type to use for payload decryption. Setting this can lead to unexpected results. See Launchpad Bug #1419166.
Returns: Secret object retrieved from Barbican
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
list
(limit=10, offset=0, name=None, algorithm=None, mode=None, bits=0)¶ List Secrets for the project
This method uses the limit and offset parameters for paging, and also supports filtering.
Parameters: - limit – Max number of secrets returned
- offset – Offset secrets to begin list
- name – Name filter for the list
- algorithm – Algorithm filter for the list
- mode – Mode filter for the list
- bits – Bits filter for the list
Returns: list of Secret objects that satisfy the provided filter criteria.
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
update
(secret_ref, payload=None)¶ Update an existing Secret from Barbican
Parameters: - secret_ref (str) – Full HATEOAS reference to a Secret
- payload (str) – New payload to add to secret
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
-
class
barbicanclient.secrets.
Secret
(api, name=None, expiration=None, algorithm=None, bit_length=None, mode=None, payload=None, payload_content_type=None, payload_content_encoding=None, secret_ref=None, created=None, updated=None, content_types=None, status=None, secret_type=None, creator_id=None)¶ Secrets represent keys, credentials, and other sensitive data that is stored by the Barbican service.
Secret objects should not be instantiated directly. You should use the create or get methods of the
barbicanclient.secrets.SecretManager
instead.-
acls
¶ Get ACL settings for this secret.
-
delete
()¶ Deletes the Secret from Barbican
-
payload
¶ Lazy-loaded property that holds the unencrypted data
-
store
(*args)¶ Stores the Secret in Barbican. New Secret objects are not persisted in Barbican until this method is called.
Raises: PayloadException
-
update
()¶ Updates the secret in Barbican.
-
Orders¶
-
class
barbicanclient.orders.
OrderManager
(api)¶ Entity Manager for Order entitites
-
create_asymmetric
(name=None, algorithm=None, bit_length=None, pass_phrase=None, payload_content_type=None, expiration=None)¶ Factory method for AsymmetricOrder objects
AsymmetricOrder objects returned by this method have not yet been submitted to the Barbican service.
Parameters: - name – A friendly name for the container to be created
- algorithm – The algorithm associated with this secret key
- bit_length – The bit length of this secret key
- pass_phrase – Optional passphrase
- payload_content_type – The format/type of the secret data
- expiration – The expiration time of the secret in ISO 8601 format
Returns: AsymmetricOrder
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
create_certificate
(name=None, request_type=None, subject_dn=None, source_container_ref=None, ca_id=None, profile=None, request_data=None)¶ Factory method for CertificateOrder objects
CertificateOrder objects returned by this method have not yet been submitted to the Barbican service.
Parameters: - name – A friendly name for the container to be created
- request_type – The type of the certificate request
- subject_dn – A subject for the certificate
- source_container_ref – A container with a public/private key pair to use as source for stored-key requests
- ca_id – The identifier of the CA to use
- profile – The profile of certificate to use
- request_data – The CSR content
Returns: CertificateOrder
Return type: barbicanclient.orders.CertificateOrder
-
create_key
(name=None, algorithm=None, bit_length=None, mode=None, payload_content_type=None, expiration=None)¶ Factory method for KeyOrder objects
KeyOrder objects returned by this method have not yet been submitted to the Barbican service.
Parameters: - name – A friendly name for the secret to be created
- algorithm – The algorithm associated with this secret key
- bit_length – The bit length of this secret key
- mode – The algorithm mode used with this secret key
- payload_content_type – The format/type of the secret data
- expiration – The expiration time of the secret in ISO 8601 format
Returns: KeyOrder
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
delete
(order_ref)¶ Delete an Order from Barbican
Parameters: order_ref – The href for the order
-
get
(order_ref)¶ Retrieve an existing Order from Barbican
Parameters: order_ref – Full HATEOAS reference to an Order
Returns: An instance of the appropriate subtype of Order
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
list
(limit=10, offset=0)¶ List Orders for the project
This method uses the limit and offset parameters for paging.
Parameters: - limit – Max number of orders returned
- offset – Offset orders to begin list
Returns: list of Order objects
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
-
class
barbicanclient.orders.
Order
(api, type, status=None, created=None, updated=None, meta=None, order_ref=None, error_status_code=None, error_reason=None, sub_status=None, sub_status_message=None, creator_id=None)¶ Base order object to hold common functionality
This should be considered an abstract class that should not be instantiated directly.
-
delete
()¶ Deletes the Order from Barbican
-
submit
(*args)¶ Submit the Order to Barbican. New Order objects are not persisted in Barbican until this method is called.
-
-
class
barbicanclient.orders.
KeyOrder
(api, name=None, algorithm=None, bit_length=None, mode=None, expiration=None, payload_content_type=None, status=None, created=None, updated=None, order_ref=None, secret_ref=None, error_status_code=None, error_reason=None, sub_status=None, sub_status_message=None, creator_id=None)¶ KeyOrders can be used to request random key material from Barbican
-
mode
¶ Encryption mode being used with this key
The mode could be set to “CBC” for example, when requesting a key that will be used for AES encryption in CBC mode.
-
-
class
barbicanclient.orders.
AsymmetricOrder
(api, name=None, algorithm=None, bit_length=None, mode=None, passphrase=None, pass_phrase=None, expiration=None, payload_content_type=None, status=None, created=None, updated=None, order_ref=None, container_ref=None, error_status_code=None, error_reason=None, sub_status=None, sub_status_message=None, creator_id=None)¶ -
pass_phrase
¶ Passphrase to be used for passphrase protected asymmetric keys
-
Containers¶
-
class
barbicanclient.containers.
ContainerManager
(api)¶ EntityManager for Container entities
You should use the ContainerManager exposed by the Client and should not need to instantiate your own.
-
create
(name=None, secrets=None)¶ Factory method for Container objects
Container objects returned by this method have not yet been stored in Barbican.
Parameters: - name – A friendly name for the Container
- secrets – Secrets to populate when creating a Container
Returns: Container
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
create_certificate
(name=None, certificate=None, intermediates=None, private_key=None, private_key_passphrase=None)¶ Factory method for CertificateContainer objects
CertificateContainer objects returned by this method have not yet been stored in Barbican.
Parameters: - name – A friendly name for the CertificateContainer
- certificate – Secret object containing a Certificate
- intermediates – Secret object containing Intermediate Certs
- private_key – Secret object containing a Private Key
- private_key_passphrase – Secret object containing a passphrase
Returns: CertificateContainer
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
create_rsa
(name=None, public_key=None, private_key=None, private_key_passphrase=None)¶ Factory method for RSAContainer objects
RSAContainer objects returned by this method have not yet been stored in Barbican.
Parameters: - name – A friendly name for the RSAContainer
- public_key – Secret object containing a Public Key
- private_key – Secret object containing a Private Key
- private_key_passphrase – Secret object containing a passphrase
Returns: RSAContainer
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
delete
(container_ref)¶ Delete a Container from Barbican
Parameters: container_ref – Full HATEOAS reference to a Container
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
get
(container_ref)¶ Retrieve an existing Container from Barbican
Parameters: container_ref (str) – Full HATEOAS reference to a Container Returns: Container object or a subclass of the appropriate type
-
list
(limit=10, offset=0, name=None, type=None)¶ List containers for the project. This method uses the limit and offset parameters for paging.
Parameters: - limit – Max number of containers returned
- offset – Offset containers to begin list
- name – Name filter for the list
- type – Type filter for the list
Returns: list of Container metadata objects
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
register_consumer
(container_ref, name, url)¶ Add a consumer to the container
Parameters: - container_ref – Full HATEOAS reference to a Container
- name – Name of the consuming service
- url – URL of the consuming resource
Returns: A container object per the get() method
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
remove_consumer
(container_ref, name, url)¶ Remove a consumer from the container
Parameters: - container_ref – Full HATEOAS reference to a Container
- name – Name of the previously consuming service
- url – URL of the previously consuming resource
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
-
class
barbicanclient.containers.
Container
(api, name=None, secrets=None, consumers=None, container_ref=None, created=None, updated=None, status=None, secret_refs=None)¶ Container is a generic grouping of Secrets
-
acls
¶ Get ACL settings for this container.
-
delete
()¶ Delete container from Barbican
-
secrets
¶ List of Secrets in Containers
-
store
(*args)¶ Store Container in Barbican
-
-
class
barbicanclient.containers.
RSAContainer
(api, name=None, public_key=None, private_key=None, private_key_passphrase=None, consumers=[], container_ref=None, created=None, updated=None, status=None, public_key_ref=None, private_key_ref=None, private_key_passphrase_ref=None)¶ -
private_key
¶ Secret containing the Private Key
-
private_key_passphrase
¶ Secret containing the Passphrase
-
public_key
¶ Secret containing the Public Key
-
-
class
barbicanclient.containers.
CertificateContainer
(api, name=None, certificate=None, intermediates=None, private_key=None, private_key_passphrase=None, consumers=[], container_ref=None, created=None, updated=None, status=None, certificate_ref=None, intermediates_ref=None, private_key_ref=None, private_key_passphrase_ref=None)¶ -
certificate
¶ Secret containing the certificate
-
intermediates
¶ Secret containing intermediate certificates
-
private_key
¶ Secret containing the private key
-
private_key_passphrase
¶ Secret containing the passphrase
-
Certificate Authorities¶
-
class
barbicanclient.cas.
CAManager
(api)¶ Entity Manager for Secret entities
-
get
(ca_ref)¶ Retrieve an existing CA from Barbican
Parameters: ca_ref (str) – Full HATEOAS reference to a CA
Returns: CA object retrieved from Barbican
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
list
(limit=10, offset=0, name=None)¶ List CAs for the project
This method uses the limit and offset parameters for paging, and also supports filtering.
Parameters: - limit – Max number of CAs returned
- offset – Offset secrets to begin list
- name – Name filter for the list
Returns: list of CA objects that satisfy the provided filter criteria.
Return type: Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
-
class
barbicanclient.cas.
CA
(api, meta=None, expiration=None, plugin_name=None, plugin_ca_id=None, ca_ref=None, created=None, updated=None, status=None, creator_id=None)¶ CAs represent certificate authorities or subCAs with which the Barbican service is configured to interact.
CA objects should not be instantiated directly. You should use the create or get methods of the
barbicanclient.cas.CAManager
instead.
ACLs¶
-
class
barbicanclient.acls.
ACLManager
(api)¶ Entity Manager for Secret or Container ACL entities
-
create
(entity_ref=None, users=None, project_access=None, operation_type='read')¶ Factory method for creating ACL entity.
ACL object returned by this method have not yet been stored in Barbican.
Input entity_ref is used to determine whether ACL object type needs to be
barbicanclient.acls.SecretACL
orbarbicanclient.acls.ContainerACL
.Parameters: - entity_ref (str) – Full HATEOAS reference to a secret or container
- users (List or None) – List of Keystone userid(s) to be used in ACL.
- project_access (bool) – Flag indicating project access behavior
- operation_type (str) – Type indicating which class of Barbican operations this ACL is defined for e.g. ‘read’ operations
Returns: ACL object instance
Return type: barbicanclient.acls.SecretACL
orbarbicanclient.acls.ContainerACL
-
get
(entity_ref)¶ Retrieve existing ACLs for a secret or container defined in Barbican
Parameters: entity_ref (str) – Full HATEOAS reference to a secret or container.
Returns: ACL entity object instance
Return type: barbicanclient.acls.SecretACL
orbarbicanclient.acls.ContainerACL
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
-
-
class
barbicanclient.acls.
SecretACL
(api, entity_ref, users=None, project_access=None, operation_type='read', created=None, updated=None)¶ ACL entity for a secret
Base ACL entity instance for secret or container.
Provide ACL data arguments to set ACL setting for given operation_type.
To add ACL setting for other operation types, use add_operation_acl method.
Parameters: - api – client instance reference
- entity_ref (str) – Full HATEOAS reference to a secret or container
- users (str List or None) – List of Keystone userid(s) to be used for ACL.
- project_access (bool) – Flag indicating project access behavior
- operation_type (str) – Type indicating which class of Barbican operations this ACL is defined for e.g. ‘read’ operations
- created (str) – Time string indicating ACL create timestamp. This is populated only when populating data from api response. Not needed in client input.
- updated (str) – Time string indicating ACL last update timestamp. This is populated only when populating data from api response. Not needed in client input.
-
add_operation_acl
(users=None, project_access=None, operation_type=None, created=None, updated=None)¶ Add ACL settings to entity for specific operation type.
If matching operation_type ACL already exists, then it replaces it with new PerOperationACL object using provided inputs. Otherwise it appends new PerOperationACL object to existing per operation ACL list.
This just adds to local entity and have not yet applied these changes to server.
Parameters: - users (List or None) – List of Keystone userid(s) to be used in ACL.
- project_access (bool) – Flag indicating project access behavior
- operation_type (str) – Type indicating which class of Barbican operations this ACL is defined for e.g. ‘read’ operations
- created (str) – Time string indicating ACL create timestamp. This is populated only when populating data from api response. Not needed in client input.
- updated (str) – Time string indicating ACL last update timestamp. This is populated only when populating data from api response. Not needed in client input.
-
entity_ref
¶ Entity URI reference.
-
get
(operation_type)¶ Get operation specific ACL instance.
Parameters: operation_type (str) – Type indicating which operation’s ACL setting is needed.
-
load_acls_data
()¶ Loads ACL entity from Barbican server using its acl_ref
Clears the existing list of per operation ACL settings if there. Populates current ACL entity with ACL settings received from Barbican server.
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
operation_acls
¶ List of operation specific ACL settings.
-
remove
()¶ Remove Barbican ACLs setting defined for a secret or container
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
-
submit
()¶ Submits ACLs for a secret or a container defined in server
In existing ACL case, this overwrites the existing ACL setting with provided inputs. If input users are None or empty list, this will remove existing ACL users if there. If input project_access flag is None, then default project access behavior is enabled.
Returns: str acl_ref: Full HATEOAS reference to a secret or container ACL.
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
class
barbicanclient.acls.
ContainerACL
(api, entity_ref, users=None, project_access=None, operation_type='read', created=None, updated=None)¶ ACL entity for a container
Base ACL entity instance for secret or container.
Provide ACL data arguments to set ACL setting for given operation_type.
To add ACL setting for other operation types, use add_operation_acl method.
Parameters: - api – client instance reference
- entity_ref (str) – Full HATEOAS reference to a secret or container
- users (str List or None) – List of Keystone userid(s) to be used for ACL.
- project_access (bool) – Flag indicating project access behavior
- operation_type (str) – Type indicating which class of Barbican operations this ACL is defined for e.g. ‘read’ operations
- created (str) – Time string indicating ACL create timestamp. This is populated only when populating data from api response. Not needed in client input.
- updated (str) – Time string indicating ACL last update timestamp. This is populated only when populating data from api response. Not needed in client input.
-
add_operation_acl
(users=None, project_access=None, operation_type=None, created=None, updated=None)¶ Add ACL settings to entity for specific operation type.
If matching operation_type ACL already exists, then it replaces it with new PerOperationACL object using provided inputs. Otherwise it appends new PerOperationACL object to existing per operation ACL list.
This just adds to local entity and have not yet applied these changes to server.
Parameters: - users (List or None) – List of Keystone userid(s) to be used in ACL.
- project_access (bool) – Flag indicating project access behavior
- operation_type (str) – Type indicating which class of Barbican operations this ACL is defined for e.g. ‘read’ operations
- created (str) – Time string indicating ACL create timestamp. This is populated only when populating data from api response. Not needed in client input.
- updated (str) – Time string indicating ACL last update timestamp. This is populated only when populating data from api response. Not needed in client input.
-
entity_ref
¶ Entity URI reference.
-
get
(operation_type)¶ Get operation specific ACL instance.
Parameters: operation_type (str) – Type indicating which operation’s ACL setting is needed.
-
load_acls_data
()¶ Loads ACL entity from Barbican server using its acl_ref
Clears the existing list of per operation ACL settings if there. Populates current ACL entity with ACL settings received from Barbican server.
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
-
operation_acls
¶ List of operation specific ACL settings.
-
remove
()¶ Remove Barbican ACLs setting defined for a secret or container
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
-
submit
()¶ Submits ACLs for a secret or a container defined in server
In existing ACL case, this overwrites the existing ACL setting with provided inputs. If input users are None or empty list, this will remove existing ACL users if there. If input project_access flag is None, then default project access behavior is enabled.
Returns: str acl_ref: Full HATEOAS reference to a secret or container ACL.
Raises: - barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPAuthError – 401 Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPClientError – 4xx Responses
- barbicanclient.exceptions.HTTPServerError – 5xx Responses
Exceptions¶
-
exception
barbicanclient.exceptions.
HTTPAuthError
(message, status_code=401)¶ Raised for 401 Unauthorized responses from the server.
-
exception
barbicanclient.exceptions.
HTTPClientError
(message, status_code=0)¶ Raised for 4xx responses from the server.
-
exception
barbicanclient.exceptions.
HTTPError
(message, status_code=0)¶ Base exception for HTTP errors.
-
exception
barbicanclient.exceptions.
HTTPServerError
(message, status_code=0)¶ Raised for 5xx responses from the server.