Signing System¶
Our standard signing automation leverages an OpenPGP signing subkey, encrypted as a Zuul secret, to create detached signatures for release artifacts (tarballs, wheels, et cetera) and to sign and push Git tags as part of our managed release automation. The master key corresponding to this subkey is replaced near the start of each new development cycle and set to expire soon after the cycle is scheduled to conclude (with enough overlap to allow for graceful replacement).
At a Glance¶
- Secrets
- Roles
Key Management Overview¶
The signing system is implemented as a set of Zuul v3 jobs; these
utilize the signing subkey via an encrypted Zuul secret imported
into a job’s ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg at runtime. It’s used by jobs
to create detached signatures of release artifacts and to sign Git
tags under release management automation.
Storage¶
While the signing subkey is installed unencrypted on some job nodes, so that it can be used unattended by job automation, the corresponding master key is kept symmetrically encrypted in the root home directory of the Infra systems management bastion instead. At the time of key creation a revocation certificate is also generated, for which Infra root sysadmins are encouraged to retrieve and keep local copies in case control over or access to the original master key is lost. In the future, the master key and revocation certificate may be distributed across our root team rather than kept in one place (for example using Shamir’s secret sharing scheme similar to what the Debian Project does for its archive keys <https://ftp-master.debian.org/keys.html>).
Rotation¶
The master key is rotated at the start of each development cycle (usually shortly after cycle-trailing deliverables are released), signed by a majority of Infra root sysadmins before being put into service, and has an expiration date set for a month after the end of the targeted development cycle. The newly-created key gets signed by the old, and this signature pushed to the public keyserver network. New key fingerprints are also submitted to the openstack/releases repository, for publication on the releases.openstack.org Web site.
Revocation¶
Under normal circumstances, keys should be allowed to expire gracefully. If the key is compromised but still accessible, a revocation certificate can be generated and published to the key network at that time. If access to the private key is lost completely, the revocation certificate generated at key creation time should be used as a last resort.
Key Management Process¶
Configuration¶
This is the content of the /root/signing.gnupg/gpg.conf file on
our management bastion host:
# A basic gpg.conf using secure keyserver transport and some more
# verbose display options. This configuration assumes you have
# installed both the gnupg and gnupg-curl packages. Set your umask
# to 077, create a /root/signing.gnupg directory and place this
# configuration file in it.
#
# Retrieve and validate the HKPS key for the SKS keyservers this way:
#
# wget -P ~/signing.gnupg/ \
# https://sks-keyservers.net/sks-keyservers.netCA.pem{,.asc}
# gpg --homedir signing.gnupg --recv-key \
# 0x94CBAFDD30345109561835AA0B7F8B60E3EDFAE3
# gpg --homedir signing.gnupg --verify \
# ~/signing.gnupg/sks-keyservers.netCA.pem{.asc,}
#
# You'll need to list them in the accompanying dirmngr.conf file.
# Receive, send and search for keys in the SKS keyservers pool using
# HKPS (OpenPGP HTTP Keyserver Protocol via TLS/SSL).
keyserver hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net
# Ignore keyserver URLs specified in retrieved/refreshed keys
# so they don't direct you to update from non-HKPS sources.
keyserver-options no-honor-keyserver-url
# Display key IDs in a more accurate 16-digit hexidecimal format
# and add 0x at the beginning for clarity.
keyid-format 0xlong
# Display the calculated validity of user IDs when listing keys or
# showing signatures.
list-options show-uid-validity
verify-options show-uid-validity
And this is the content of the /root/signing.gnupg/dirmngr.conf file on
our management bastion host:
# Set the path to the public certificate for the
# sks-keyservers.net CA used to verify connections to servers in
# the accompanying gpg.conf file.
hkp-cacert /root/signing.gnupg/sks-keyservers.netCA.pem
Generation¶
Key generation should happen reasonably far in advance of expiration of the old key (at least a month), so as to provide ample time for a majority of our root sysadmins to attest to the key and provide warning to the rest of the community of the upcoming transition. Of course, if this is being done to replace a revoked key, this timeline should be accelerated as much as possible to provide continuity of service so use your best judgement on a balance of sufficient attestation and warning (same-day turnaround is preferred).
Make sure we start with a restrictive umask so that files and directories we write from this point forward are only accessible by the root user:
root@bridge:~# umask 077
Now create a master key for the coming development cycle, taking mostly the GnuPG recommended default values. Set a validity period sufficient to last through the release process at the conclusion of the cycle. Use a sufficiently long, randomly-generated passphrase string (it’s fine to reuse the one stored in our passwords list for earlier keys unless we know it to have been compromised):
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir signing.gnupg --full-generate-key
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.4; Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Please select what kind of key you want:
(1) RSA and RSA (default)
(2) DSA and Elgamal
(3) DSA (sign only)
(4) RSA (sign only)
Your selection?
RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048)
Requested keysize is 2048 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0) 9m
Key expires at Thu 02 Feb 2017 08:41:39 PM UTC
Is this correct? (y/N) y
You need a user ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user ID
from the Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form:
"Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <heinrichh@duesseldorf.de>"
Real name: OpenStack Infra
Email address: infra-root@openstack.org
Comment: Some Cycle
You selected this USER-ID:
"OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>"
Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? o
You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key.
Enter passphrase: ********************************
Repeat passphrase: ********************************
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
.+++++
......+++++
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
.+++++
+++++
gpg: key 0x120D3C23C6D5584D marked as ultimately trusted
public and secret key created and signed.
gpg: checking the trustdb
gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, PGP trust model
gpg: depth: 0 valid: 1 signed: 0 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 1u
gpg: next trustdb check due at 2017-02-02
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D 2016-07-07 [expires: 2017-02-02]
Key fingerprint = 7222 E5A0 5730 B767 0F93 035A 120D 3C23 C6D5 584D
uid [ultimate] OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
sub rsa3072/0x1F215B56867C5D9A 2016-07-07 [expires: 2017-02-02]
Create a revocation certificate for the master key, for use in the
case extreme case that this master key itself becomes inaccessible,
for example because the decryption passphrase is lost (under any
other circumstances, a revocation certificate with a more detailed
description can be generated using the master key on an as-needed
basis). Replace some in the output filename with the lower-cased
cycle name:
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir signing.gnupg --output \
> signing.gnupg/some.revoke.asc --gen-revoke 0x120D3C23C6D5584D
sec rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D 2016-07-07 OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
Create a revocation certificate for this key? (y/N) y
Please select the reason for the revocation:
0 = No reason specified
1 = Key has been compromised
2 = Key is superseded
3 = Key is no longer used
Q = Cancel
(Probably you want to select 1 here)
Your decision? 1
Enter an optional description; end it with an empty line:
> This revocation is to be used in the event the key cannot be recovered.
>
Reason for revocation: Key has been compromised
This revocation is to be used in the event the key cannot be recovered.
Is this okay? (y/N) y
You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>"
2048-bit RSA key, ID 0x120D3C23C6D5584D, created 2016-07-07
Enter passphrase: ********************************
ASCII armored output forced.
Revocation certificate created.
Please move it to a medium which you can hide away; if Mallory gets
access to this certificate he can use it to make your key unusable.
It is smart to print this certificate and store it away, just in case
your media become unreadable. But have some caution: The print system of
your machine might store the data and make it available to others!
Use the interactive key editor to add a subkey constrained to signing purposes only. It does not need an expiration since it will be valid only for as long as its associated master key is valid:
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir signing.gnupg --edit-key 0x120D3C23C6D5584D
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.4; Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Secret key is available.
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage: SC
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
sub rsa3072/0x1F215B56867C5D9A created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage: E
[ultimate] (1). OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
gpg> addkey
Please select what kind of key you want:
(3) DSA (sign only)
(4) RSA (sign only)
(5) Elgamal (encrypt only)
(6) RSA (encrypt only)
Your selection? 4
RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long.
What keysize do you want? (2048)
Requested keysize is 2048 bits
Please specify how long the key should be valid.
0 = key does not expire
<n> = key expires in n days
<n>w = key expires in n weeks
<n>m = key expires in n months
<n>y = key expires in n years
Key is valid for? (0)
Key does not expire at all
Is this correct? (y/N) y
Really create? (y/N) y
Key is protected.
You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>"
2048-bit RSA key, ID 0x120D3C23C6D5584D, created 2016-07-07
Enter passphrase: ********************************
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
+++++
........+++++
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage: SC
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
sub rsa3072/0x1F215B56867C5D9A created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage: E
sub rsa3072/0xC0224DB5F541FB68 created: 2016-07-07 expires: never usage: S
[ultimate] (1). OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
gpg> save
Next, sign the new master key with the key from the previous cycle
(specified with the --default-key option). This proves that the
new key was created by a party with access to its predecessor, so
provides some added assurance of its validity:
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir signing.gnupg --default-key 0x70CA2E45DF30B1B8 --sign-key 0x120D3C23C6D5584D
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage:SC
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
sub rsa3072/0x1F215B56867C5D9A created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage:E
sub rsa3072/0xC0224DB5F541FB68 created: 2016-07-07 expires: never usage:S
[ultimate] (1). OpenStack Infra (Pike Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage:SC
trust: ultimate validity: ultimate
Primary key fingerprint: 120D 3C23 C6D5 584D 6FC2 4646 64DB B05A CC5E 7C28
OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
This key is due to expire on 2017-02-02.
Are you sure that you want to sign this key with your
key "OpenStack Infra (Previous Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>" (0x70CA2E45DF30B1B8)
Really sign? (y/N) y
You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
user: "OpenStack Infra (Previous Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>"
2048-bit RSA key, ID 0x70CA2E45DF30B1B8, created 2016-11-03
Enter passphrase: ********************************
Now send the master key to the keyserver network. The subkeys are all submitted along with it, so do not need to be specified separately:
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir signing.gnupg --send-keys 0x120D3C23C6D5584D
sending key 0x120D3C23C6D5584D to hkps server hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net
The rest of this process shouldn’t happen until we’re ready for the signing system to transition to our new key. In a typical, non-emergency rotation this should not happen until release activities for the previous cycle have concluded so that we don’t inadvertently sign their artifacts with the new key.
Create a new GnuPG keychain by exporting a copy of just the signing subkey to a file and then importing that (and only that) in a new GnuPG directory:
root@bridge:~# umask 077
root@bridge:~# mkdir temporary.gnupg
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir signing.gnupg \
> --output temporary.gnupg/secret-subkeys
> --export-secret-subkeys 0xC0224DB5F541FB68\!
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir temporary.gnupg \
> --import temporary.gnupg/secret-subkeys
gpg: keyring `temporary.gnupg/secring.gpg' created
gpg: keyring `temporary.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created
gpg: key C6D5584D: secret key imported
gpg: temporary.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key C6D5584D: public key "OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>" imported
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
gpg: secret keys read: 1
gpg: secret keys imported: 1
Check that the exported version does not contain a usable primary
secret key by listing all secret keys and looking for a sec# in
front of it instead of just sec:
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir temporary.gnupg --list-secret-keys
/root/temporary.gnupg/pubring.kbx
---------------------------------
sec# rsa3072 2016-07-07 [SC] [expires: 2017-02-02]
120D3C23C6D5584D
uid [unknown] OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
ssb rsa3072 2016-07-07 [S]
So that our CI jobs will be able to make use of this subkey without interactively supplying a passphrase, the old passphrase (exported from the master key) must be reset to an empty string in the new temporary copy. Here we override the default pinentry mode to loopback as a workaround for other pinentry frontends refusing to accept an empty passphrase (unfortunately the prompting and feedback from the loopback pinentry leaves something to be desired). This is again done using an interactive key editor session:
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir temporary.gnupg --pinentry-mode loopback \
> --edit-key 0xC0224DB5F541FB68
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.4; Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Secret subkeys are available.
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage: SC
trust: unknown validity: unknown
sub rsa3072/0xC0224DB5F541FB68 created: 2016-07-07 expires: never usage: S
[ unknown] (1). OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
gpg> passwd
gpg: key 120D3C23C6D5584D/120D3C23C6D5584D: error changing passphrase: No secret key
Enter passphrase: ********************************
Enter passphrase:
gpg> save
Key not changed so no update needed.
Test the subkey can be used without a passphrase:
root@bridge:~# echo foo | gpg --homedir temporary.gnupg --sign --armor
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----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=LxND
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
This leaves us with a temporary keyring containing only an unencrypted copy of the signing subkey. Export this keyring so that we can add it as a secret to Zuul for use by release jobs.
root@bridge:~# gpg --homedir temporary.gnupg \
> --output temporary.gnupg/for-zuul --armor \
> --export-secret-subkeys 0xC0224DB5F541FB68\!
root@bridge:~# wget https://opendev.org/zuul/zuul/raw/branch/master/tools/encrypt_secret.py
root@bridge:~# python3 encrypt_secret.py --tenant openstack \
> --infile temporary.gnupg/for-zuul --outfile temporary.gnupg/zuul.yaml \
> https://zuul.openstack.org openstack/project-config
writing RSA key
Public key length: 4096 bits (512 bytes)
Max plaintext length per chunk: 470 bytes
Input plaintext length: 4818 bytes
Number of chunks: 11
Copy temporary.gnupg/zuul.yaml to your workstation and make a
commit to zuul.d/secrets.yaml file in the
openstack/project-config repo to update the gpg_key secret
with its contents. Be sure to replace <name> and
<fieldname> as appropriate.
Safely clean up, doing your best to securely remove the temporary copy of the unencrypted signing subkey and any associated files:
root@bridge:~# find temporary.gnupg/ -type f -exec shred {} \;
root@bridge:~# rm -rf temporary.gnupg encrypt_secret.py
To document this transition, export a minimal text version of the public master key:
root@bridge:~# ( gpg --fingerprint \
> 0x120d3c23c6d5584d6fc2464664dbb05acc5e7c28
> gpg --armor --export-options export-clean,export-minimal \
> --export 0x120d3c23c6d5584d6fc2464664dbb05acc5e7c28 ) > \
> 0x120d3c23c6d5584d6fc2464664dbb05acc5e7c28.txt
Add the file to a change for the openstack/releases repo placing
it in the doc/source/static directory, and then link it similarly
to other exported public keys are linked in the Cryptographic
Signatures
<https://releases.openstack.org/#cryptographic-signatures> section
of doc/source/index.rst (noting the appropriate end date for use
of the prior key as the start date for the new one).
Attestation¶
We need a majority (if not all) of our current root sysadmins to verify and attest to the authenticity of our artifact signing key, because it represents a system maintained by our team rather than representing some particular individual and so anyone else attesting to this key can really only do so transitively through us. This should be done soon after a new key is minted (preferably the same week) so that others in the community who wish to extend the web of trust around the key based on our attestations (for example, release managers or team leads) have an opportunity to do so before it’s put into production.
Start by logging into the management bastion and examining the fingerprint of the key as it exists on disk:
me@bridge:~$ sudo gpg --homedir /root/signing.gnupg --fingerprint \
> --list-keys "OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle)"
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D 2016-07-07 [expires: 2017-02-02]
Key fingerprint = 120D 3C23 C6D5 584D 6FC2 4646 64DB B05A CC5E 7C28
uid [ultimate] OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
sub rsa3072/0x1F215B56867C5D9A 2016-07-07 [expires: 2017-02-02]
sub rsa3072/0xC0224DB5F541FB68 2016-07-07
Now on your own system where your OpenPGP key resides, retrieve the key, compare the fingerprint from above, and if they match, sign it and push the signature back to the keyserver network:
me@home:~$ gpg2 --recv-keys 0x120D3C23C6D5584D
gpg: requesting key 0x120D3C23C6D5584D from hkps server hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net
gpg: key 0x120D3C23C6D5584D: public key "OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>" imported
gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, classic trust model
gpg: depth: 0 valid: 3 signed: 31 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 3u
gpg: depth: 1 valid: 31 signed: 46 trust: 30-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 1f, 0u
gpg: next trustdb check due at 2016-11-30
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
me@home:~$ gpg2 --fingerprint 0x120D3C23C6D5584D
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D 2016-07-07 [expires: 2017-02-02]
Key fingerprint = 120D 3C23 C6D5 584D 6FC2 4646 64DB B05A CC5E 7C28
uid [ full ] OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
sub rsa3072/0x1F215B56867C5D9A 2016-07-07 [expires: 2017-02-02]
sub rsa3072/0xC0224DB5F541FB68 2016-07-07
me@home:~$ gpg2 --sign-key 0x120D3C23C6D5584D
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage: SC
trust: unknown validity: full
sub rsa3072/0x1F215B56867C5D9A created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage: E
sub rsa3072/0xC0224DB5F541FB68 created: 2016-07-07 expires: never usage: S
[ full ] (1). OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
pub rsa3072/0x120D3C23C6D5584D created: 2016-07-07 expires: 2017-02-02 usage: SC
trust: unknown validity: full
Primary key fingerprint: 120D 3C23 C6D5 584D 6FC2 4646 64DB B05A CC5E 7C28
OpenStack Infra (Some Cycle) <infra-root@openstack.org>
This key is due to expire on 2017-02-02.
Are you sure that you want to sign this key with your
key "My Name <me@example.org>" (0xAB54A98CEB1F0AD2)
Really sign? (y/N) y
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Please enter the passphrase to unlock the secret key for the OpenPGP |
| certificate: |
| "My Name <me@example.org>" |
| 2048-bit RSA key, ID 0xAB54A98CEB1F0AD2, |
| created 2008-09-10. |
| |
| |
| Passphrase **********************____________________________________ |
| |
| <OK> <Cancel> |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
me@home:~$ gpg2 --send-keys 0x120D3C23C6D5584D
gpg: sending key 0x120D3C23C6D5584D to hkps server hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net
Also, please retrieve a copy of the
/root/signing.gnupg/some.revoke.asc fallback revocation
certificate (some to be replaced with the lower-cased release
name) from the management bastion and keep it stashed somewhere
secure, for emergency use in the (hopefully very unlikely) event
that our OpenPGP master private key is completely lost to us (for
example, if we lose the file containing its decryption passphrase
and all backups thereof).
